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Learn how to use character entity references in XML and HTML documents, and see the list of predefined and custom entities for various scripts and symbols. Find out the differences between numeric and character entity references, and the formal public identifiers for HTML DTD entities subsets.
Learn how to specify and detect the character encoding of HTML documents, and which encodings are permitted by the HTML standards. The web page explains the difference between UTF-8, UTF-16, UTF-32, and other encodings, and their advantages and disadvantages.
A comprehensive overview of the Unicode characters, covering 161 modern and historical scripts, as well as multiple symbol sets. Learn how to reference Unicode characters using numeric or entity codes, and see the control codes and special characters.
Learn how HTML documents can contain multilingual text represented with the Unicode universal character set. Find out how to use character encodings, numeric and named character references, and entity references in HTML.
Of course, when a name exists, a named reference (e.g., — for an em dash) is usually more convenient (and more easily recognized) than either numerical code. HTML character names (and the corresponding hexadecimal and decimal codes) are given in List of XML and HTML character entity references.
This page lists codes for keyboard characters, the computer code values for common characters, such as the Unicode or HTML entity codes (see below: Table of HTML values"). There are also key chord combinations, such as keying an en dash ('–') by holding ALT+0150 on the numeric keypad of MS Windows computers.
Learn about the process of assigning numbers to graphical characters, especially the written characters of human language, allowing them to be stored, transmitted, and transformed using digital computers. Find out the history, examples, and common systems of character encoding, such as ASCII, Unicode, and UTF-8.
A numeric character reference (NCR) is a markup construct that represents a single character by a short sequence of characters. NCRs are used to encode characters that are not directly encodable in a document, such as international characters or special symbols.