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  2. Straw man - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw_man

    Steelmanning is the practice of applying the rhetorical principle of charity through addressing the strongest form of the other person's argument, even if it is not the one they explicitly presented. Creating the strongest form of the opponent's argument may involve removing flawed assumptions that could be easily refuted or developing the ...

  3. Propaganda techniques - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_techniques

    The descriptions of these events have elements of truth, and the "big lie" generalizations merge and eventually supplant the public's accurate perception of the underlying events. After World War I the German stab in the back explanation of the cause of their defeat became a justification for Nazi re-militarization and revanchism.

  4. Chaos theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_theory

    Chaos theory is a branch of mathematics that studies the behavior of complex and dynamic systems. Learn how it explains phenomena such as the butterfly effect and fractals.

  5. Empiricism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiricism

    Mathematical and logical propositions (e.g. "that the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the two sides") are examples of the first, while propositions involving some contingent observation of the world (e.g. "the sun rises in the East") are examples of the second. All of people's "ideas", in turn, are derived from ...

  6. Quackery - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quackery

    Grandiose claims were made for what could be humble materials indeed: for example, in the mid-19th century revalenta arabica was advertised as having extraordinary restorative virtues as an empirical diet for invalids; despite its impressive name and many glowing testimonials it was in truth only ordinary lentil flour, sold to the gullible at ...

  7. Knot theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_theory

    Examples of different knots including the trivial knot (top left) and the trefoil knot (below it) A knot diagram of the trefoil knot, the simplest non-trivial knot. In topology, knot theory is the study of mathematical knots.

  8. Balance theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_theory

    Balance theory is useful in examining how celebrity endorsement affects consumers' attitudes toward products. [5] If a person likes a celebrity and perceives (due to the endorsement) that said celebrity likes a product, said person will tend to like the product more, in order to achieve psychological balance.

  9. External validity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_validity

    External validity is the validity of applying the conclusions of a scientific study outside the context of that study. [1] In other words, it is the extent to which the results of a study can generalize or transport to other situations, people, stimuli, and times.