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A geographic information system ( GIS) consists of integrated computer hardware and software that store, manage, analyze, edit, output, and visualize geographic data. [1] [2] Much of this often happens within a spatial database, however, this is not essential to meet the definition of a GIS. [1] In a broader sense, one may consider such a ...
Geographic Information Science (GIScience) is the basic research field that seeks to redefine geographic concepts and their use in the context of geographic information systems. GIScience also examines the impacts of GIS on individuals and society, and the influences of society on GIS. GIScience re-examines some of the most fundamental themes ...
Participatory GIS ( PGIS) or public participation geographic information system ( PPGIS) is a participatory approach to spatial planning and spatial information and communications management. [1] [2] PGIS combines Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) methods with geographic information systems (GIS). [3]
ArcGIS is a family of client, server and online geographic information system (GIS) software developed and maintained by Esri . ArcGIS was first released in 1982 and as ARC/INFO, a command line-based GIS. ARC/INFO was later merged into ArcGIS Desktop, which was eventually superseded by ArcGIS Pro in 2015. [8]
History. The history of Web GIS is very closely tied to the history of geographic information systems, Digital mapping, and the World Wide Web or the Web. The Web was first created in 1990, and the first major web mapping program capable of distributed map creation appeared shortly after in 1993.
Geographic data and information. Geographic data and information is defined in the ISO/TC 211 series of standards as data and information having an implicit or explicit association with a location relative to Earth (a geographic location or geographic position ). [1] [2] It is also called geospatial data and information, [citation needed ...
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