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Empowerment is the degree of autonomy and self-determination in people and in communities. This enables them to represent their interests in a responsible and self-determined way, acting on their own authority. It is the process of becoming stronger and more confident, especially in controlling one's life and claiming one's rights.
Affirmative action (also sometimes called reservations, alternative access, positive discrimination or positive action in various countries' laws and policies) [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] refers to a set of policies and practices within a government or organization seeking to benefit marginalized groups. Historically and internationally, support for ...
Social equity is concerned with justice and fairness of social policy based on the principle of substantive equality, equal outcomes for groups. [1] Social equity within a society is different from social equality based on formal equality of opportunity. [2] For example, person A may have no difficulty walking, person B may be able to walk but ...
Participative decision-making (PDM) is the extent to which employers allow or encourage employees to share or participate in organizational decision-making. [1] According to Cotton et al., the format of PDM could be formal or informal. [2] In addition, the degree of participation could range from zero to 100% in different participative ...
Participatory management. Participatory management is the practice of empowering members of a group, such as employees of a company or citizens of a community, to participate in organizational decision making. [1] It is used as an alternative to traditional vertical management structures, which has shown to be less effective as participants are ...
Job satisfaction, employee satisfaction or work satisfaction is a measure of workers' contentment with their job, whether they like the job or individual aspects or facets of jobs, such as nature of work or supervision. [1] Job satisfaction can be measured in cognitive (evaluative), affective (or emotional), and behavioral components. [2]
Management plays an important role in an employee's job satisfaction and happiness. [50] Good leadership can empower employees to work better towards reaching the organisation's goals. [51] For example, if a leader is considerate, the employees will tend to develop a positive attitude towards management and thus, work more effectively. [52]
Social status is the relative level of social value a person is considered to possess. [1][2] Such social value includes respect, honor, assumed competence, and deference. [3] On one hand, social scientists view status as a "reward" for group members who treat others well and take initiative. [4] This is one explanation for its apparent cross ...