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The derivative is a fundamental tool of calculus that quantifies the sensitivity of change of a function 's output with respect to its input. The derivative of a function of a single variable at a chosen input value, when it exists, is the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function at that point. The tangent line is the best linear ...
Differentiation is linear. For any functions and and any real numbers and , the derivative of the function with respect to is: In Leibniz's notation this is written as: Special cases include: The constant factor rule. ( a f ) ′ = a f ′ {\displaystyle (af)'=af'} The sum rule.
Chain rule. In calculus, the chain rule is a formula that expresses the derivative of the composition of two differentiable functions f and g in terms of the derivatives of f and g. More precisely, if is the function such that for every x, then the chain rule is, in Lagrange's notation ,
In calculus, the quotient rule is a method of finding the derivative of a function that is the ratio of two differentiable functions. [1] [2] [3] Let , where both f and g are differentiable and The quotient rule states that the derivative of h(x) is. It is provable in many ways by using other derivative rules .
Differential calculus. The graph of a function, drawn in black, and a tangent line to that function, drawn in red. The slope of the tangent line equals the derivative of the function at the marked point. In mathematics, differential calculus is a subfield of calculus that studies the rates at which quantities change. [1]
The linear map h → J(x) ⋅ h is known as the derivative or the differential of f at x . When m = n, the Jacobian matrix is square, so its determinant is a well-defined function of x, known as the Jacobian determinant of f. It carries important information about the local behavior of f.
Numerical differentiation. Finite difference estimation of derivative. In numerical analysis, numerical differentiation algorithms estimate the derivative of a mathematical function or function subroutine using values of the function and perhaps other knowledge about the function.
The exterior derivative is defined to be the unique ℝ -linear mapping from k -forms to (k + 1) -forms that has the following properties: df is the differential of f for a 0 -form f . d(df ) = 0 for a 0 -form f . d(α ∧ β) = dα ∧ β + (−1)p (α ∧ dβ) where α is a p -form.
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