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A relative afferent pupillary defect ( RAPD ), also known as a Marcus Gunn pupil, is a medical sign observed during the swinging-flashlight test [1] whereupon the patient's pupils dilate when a bright light is swung from the unaffected eye to the affected eye. The affected eye still senses the light and produces pupillary sphincter constriction ...
Enophthalmia. In medicine, enophthalmia describes eyes that are abnormally sunken into their sockets. [1] This condition usually affects elderly persons. Surgery can be done to correct it. Bilateral progressive enophthalmos may be the presenting sign of metastatic breast carcinoma, even when local symptoms in the breast are absent.
Periorbital dark circles. Minor dark circles and a hint of periorbital puffiness —a combination principally suggestive of minor sleep deprivation. Periorbital dark circles (including dark circles of the lower eyelid) are dark blemishes around the eyes. There are many causes of this symptom, including heredity and bruising.
Enophthalmos is a posterior displacement of the eyeball within the orbit. It is due to either enlargement of the bony orbit and/or reduction of the orbital content, this in relation to each other. [1] It should not be confused with its opposite, exophthalmos, which is the anterior displacement of the eye. It may be a congenital anomaly, or be ...
Cotton wool spots are opaque fluffy white patches on the retina of the eye that are considered an abnormal finding during a funduscopic exam (also called an ophthalmoscopic exam). [1] Cotton wool spots are typically a sign of another disease state, most common of which is diabetic retinopathy. [2] The irregularly shaped white patches are a ...
Epicanthic fold. An epicanthic fold or epicanthus [6] is a skin fold of the upper eyelid that covers the inner corner (medial canthus) of the eye. [3] However, variation occurs in the nature of this feature and the possession of "partial epicanthic folds" or "slight epicanthic folds" is noted in the relevant literature.
Scintillating scotoma is a common visual aura that was first described by 19th-century physician Hubert Airy (1838–1903). Originating from the brain, it may precede a migraine headache, but can also occur acephalgically (without headache), also known as visual migraine or migraine aura. [4]
Short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache with conjunctival injection and tearing ( SUNCT syndrome) is a rare headache disorder that belongs to the group of headaches called trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia (TACs). [1] Symptoms include excruciating burning, stabbing, or electrical headaches mainly near the eye and typically these ...