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Relative change. In any quantitative science, the terms relative change and relative difference are used to compare two quantities while taking into account the "sizes" of the things being compared, i.e. dividing by a standard or reference or starting value. [1] The comparison is expressed as a ratio and is a unitless number.
(200% for the first formula and 100% for the second formula). Provided the data are strictly positive, a better measure of relative accuracy can be obtained based on the log of the accuracy ratio: log( F t / A t ) This measure is easier to analyse statistically, and has valuable symmetry and unbiasedness properties.
Greek letters are used in mathematics, science, engineering, and other areas where mathematical notation is used as symbols for constants, special functions, and also conventionally for variables representing certain quantities. In these contexts, the capital letters and the small letters represent distinct and unrelated entities.
The haversine function computes half a versine of the angle θ, or the squares of half chord of the angle on a unit circle (sphere). To solve for the distance d, apply the archaversine ( inverse haversine) to h = hav (θ) or use the arcsine (inverse sine) function: or more explicitly: [9] This can be further transform to reduce some math ...
If you've grown accustomed to Windows PCs, the move to a Mac can feel discombobulating. While Apple's Macs can process words, edit images, and browse the web just as well as PCs, differences such ...
Cohen's kappa. Cohen's kappa coefficient ( κ, lowercase Greek kappa) is a statistic that is used to measure inter-rater reliability (and also intra-rater reliability) for qualitative (categorical) items. [1] It is generally thought to be a more robust measure than simple percent agreement calculation, as κ takes into account the possibility ...
There are two equations for computing density as a function of height. The first equation is applicable to the standard model of the troposphere in which the temperature is assumed to vary with altitude at a lapse rate of L b {\displaystyle L_{b}} ; the second equation is applicable to the standard model of the stratosphere in which the ...
Cronbach's alpha (Cronbach's ), also known as tau-equivalent reliability ( ) or coefficient alpha (coefficient ), is a reliability coefficient and a measure of the internal consistency of tests and measures. [1] [2] [3] Numerous studies warn against using Cronbach's alpha unconditionally. Statisticians regard reliability coefficients based on ...