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In numerical optimization, the Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno ( BFGS) algorithm is an iterative method for solving unconstrained nonlinear optimization problems. [1] Like the related Davidon–Fletcher–Powell method, BFGS determines the descent direction by preconditioning the gradient with curvature information.
Computer simulation is the process of mathematical modelling, performed on a computer, which is designed to predict the behaviour of, or the outcome of, a real-world or physical system. The reliability of some mathematical models can be determined by comparing their results to the real-world outcomes they aim to predict.
More generally, modeling and simulation is a key enabler for systems engineering activities as the system representation in a computer readable (and possibly executable) model enables engineers to reproduce the system (or Systems of System) behavior. A collection of applicative modeling and simulation method to support systems engineering ...
A simulation is an imitative representation of a process or system that could exist in the real world. [1] [2] [3] In this broad sense, simulation can often be used interchangeably with model. [2] Sometimes a clear distinction between the two terms is made, in which simulations require the use of models; the model represents the key ...
String theory. In physics, string theory is a theoretical framework in which the point-like particles of particle physics are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings. String theory describes how these strings propagate through space and interact with each other. On distance scales larger than the string scale, a string looks just ...
In computer network research, network simulation is a technique whereby a software program replicates the behavior of a real network. This is achieved by calculating the interactions between the different network entities such as routers, switches, nodes, access points, links, etc. [1] Most simulators use discrete event simulation in which the ...
Quantum System One, a quantum computer by IBM from 2019 with 20 superconducting qubits. A quantum computer is a computer that takes advantage of quantum mechanical phenomena. On small scales, physical matter exhibits properties of both particles and waves, and quantum computing leverages this behavior, specifically quantum superposition and entanglement, using specialized hardware that ...
Alan Turing. Alan Mathison Turing OBE FRS ( / ˈtjʊərɪŋ /; 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954) was an English mathematician, computer scientist, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher and theoretical biologist. [5] Turing was highly influential in the development of theoretical computer science, providing a formalisation of the concepts of algorithm ...