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The Alliance of Sahel States (AES/ASS [4] [5] [6] [a]) is a confederation [9] formed between Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso.It originated as a mutual defense pact created on 16 September 2023 following the 2023 Nigerien crisis, in which the West African political bloc ECOWAS threatened to intervene militarily to restore civilian rule after a coup in Niger earlier that year.
The Rijndael S-box was specifically designed to be resistant to linear and differential cryptanalysis. This was done by minimizing the correlation between linear transformations of input/output bits, and at the same time minimizing the difference propagation probability. The Rijndael S-box can be replaced in the Rijndael cipher, [1] which ...
The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), also known by its original name Rijndael (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈrɛindaːl]), [ 5 ] is a specification for the encryption of electronic data established by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2001. [ 6 ]
Galois/Counter Mode. In cryptography, Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) [1] is a mode of operation for symmetric-key cryptographic block ciphers which is widely adopted for its performance. GCM throughput rates for state-of-the-art, high-speed communication channels can be achieved with inexpensive hardware resources.
AES key schedule. The Advanced Encryption Standard uses a key schedule to expand a short key into a number of separate round keys. The three AES variants have a different number of rounds. Each variant requires a separate 128-bit round key for each round plus one more. [note 1] The key schedule produces the needed round keys from the initial key.
A mode of operation describes how to repeatedly apply a cipher's single-block operation to securely transform amounts of data larger than a block. [3][4][5] Most modes require a unique binary sequence, often called an initialization vector (IV), for each encryption operation. The IV must be non-repeating, and for some modes must also be random.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme central to metabolism. [3] Found in all living cells, NAD is called a dinucleotide because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine nucleobase and the other, nicotinamide.
AES and QES have a higher evidentiary value than simple or ‘standard’ electronic signatures. QES is recognised the same legal value as a handwritten signature. [3] PAdES standards travel in the same direction and have the same aims as digital signatures (AES and QES). This means they can be easily verified in any PDF reader and as [5]