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The reward system is a group of brain structures and neural pathways that are responsible for reward-related cognition, including incentive salience, associative learning, and positive emotions. It involves the ventral tegmental area, ventral striatum, basal ganglia, prefrontal cortex, and other regions that use dopamine, glutamate, and other neurotransmitters.
Learn about the model of personality proposed by Jeffrey Alan Gray, a research psychologist who studied the biological processes of reward and punishment. The model involves two systems: the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and the behavioral activation system (BAS), which are related to anxiety, impulsivity, and extraversion.
Operant conditioning, also called instrumental conditioning, is a learning process where voluntary behaviors are modified by association with reward or aversive stimuli. Learn about its origins, applications, and procedures from Edward Thorndike and B.F. Skinner.
Learn about the three brain-behavioral systems that underlie individual differences in sensitivity to reward, punishment, and motivation. The behavioral activation system (BAS) is responsive to conditioned and unconditioned reward cues and regulates approach behaviors.
Reinforcement is a concept in behavioral psychology that refers to consequences that increase the likelihood of a behavior. Positive reinforcement involves adding a pleasant stimulus, while negative reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant stimulus.
B. F. Skinner was an American psychologist, behaviorist, inventor, and social philosopher. He developed behavior analysis, operant conditioning, and radical behaviorism, and wrote influential books such as Walden Two and Verbal Behavior.
Learn about the six forms of social power identified by social psychologists John R. P. French and Bertram Raven: coercive, reward, legitimate, referent, expert, and informational. Find out how they affect social influence, leadership, and communication in different situations and contexts.
Learn about the six stages of moral reasoning proposed by psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg, from obedience and punishment to universal ethical principles. Find out how Kohlberg adapted Piaget's theory, how he tested his theory, and what are the critiques and applications of his model.