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Zipf's law ( / zɪf /, German: [t͡sɪpf]) is an empirical law that often holds, approximately, when a list of measured values is sorted in decreasing order. It states that the value of the n th entry is inversely proportional to n . The best known instance of Zipf's law applies to the frequency table of words in a text or corpus of natural ...
A USB-pluggable hardware true random number generator. In computing, a hardware random number generator (HRNG), true random number generator (TRNG), non-deterministic random bit generator (NRBG), or physical random number generator is a device that generates random numbers from a physical process capable of producing entropy (in other words, the device always has access to a physical entropy ...
A 1974 postage stamp encouraging people to use the ZIP Code on letters and parcels. A ZIP Code (an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan [1]) is a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service (USPS). The term ZIP was chosen to suggest that the mail travels more efficiently and quickly [2] ( zipping along) when senders use the ...
Dice are an example of a mechanical hardware random number generator. When a cubical die is rolled, a random number from 1 to 6 is obtained. Random number generation is a process by which, often by means of a random number generator (RNG), a sequence of numbers or symbols that cannot be reasonably predicted better than by random chance is generated.
343 = route (Burgdorf - Langnau) 3436 = post office number (Zollbrück) Today, the third digit has no real meaning anymore. In the past, mail was assigned to fixed railway or truck routes, but modern logistics do not need this practice any more. Postal codes of Liechtenstein are included in the same structure, using the range from 9480 to 9499.
Improvised firearm. A homemade pistol, confiscated by the Swedish Police. Given to the Museum of Vänersborg in 1985. Improvised firearms (sometimes called zip guns, pipe guns, or slam guns) are firearms manufactured other than by a firearms manufacturer or a gunsmith, and are typically constructed by adapting existing materials to the purpose.
Cyclic redundancy check. A cyclic redundancy check ( CRC) is an error-detecting code commonly used in digital networks and storage devices to detect accidental changes to digital data. [1] [2] Blocks of data entering these systems get a short check value attached, based on the remainder of a polynomial division of their contents.
However, generally they are considerably slower (typically by a factor 2–10) than fast, non-cryptographic random number generators. These include: Stream ciphers. Popular choices are Salsa20 or ChaCha (often with the number of rounds reduced to 8 for speed), ISAAC, HC-128 and RC4. Block ciphers in counter mode.