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v. t. e. Jizya (Arabic: جِزْيَة, romanized:jizya), or jizyah, [ 1 ] is a type of taxation historically levied on non-Muslim subjects of a state governed by Islamic law. [ 2 ] The Quran and hadiths mention jizya without specifying its rate or amount, [ 3 ] and the application of jizya varied in the course of Islamic history.
Protected persons is a legal term under international humanitarian law and refers to persons who are under specific protection of the 1949 Geneva Conventions, their 1977 Additional Protocols, and customary international humanitarian law during an armed conflict. The legal definition of different categories of protected persons in armed ...
A patent is a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the legal right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention for a limited period of time in exchange for publishing an enabling disclosure of the invention. [1] In most countries, patent rights fall under private law and the patent holder must sue someone ...
e. Dhimmī (Arabic: ذمي ḏimmī, IPA: [ˈðimmiː], collectively أهل الذمة ʾahl aḏ-ḏimmah/dhimmah "the people of the covenant") or muʿāhid (معاهد) is a historical [1] term for non-Muslims living in an Islamic state with legal protection. [1][2]: 470 The word literally means "protected person", [3] referring to the state ...
A protection racket is an operation where racketeers provide protection to persons and properties, settle disputes and enforce contracts in markets where the police and judicial system cannot be relied upon. Diego Gambetta 's The Sicilian Mafia (1996) [1] and Federico Varese's The Russian Mafia (2001) [2] define the mafia as a type of organized ...
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A debit card, also known as a check card or bank card, is a payment card that can be used in place of cash to make purchases. The card usually consists of the bank's name, a card number, the cardholder's name, and an expiration date, on either the front or the back. Many new cards now have a chip on them, which allows people to use their card ...
Insurance is a means of protection from financial loss in which, in exchange for a fee, a party agrees to compensate another party in the event of a certain loss, damage, or injury. It is a form of risk management, primarily used to protect against the risk of a contingent or uncertain loss. An entity which provides insurance is known as an ...