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2. List of logarithmic identities - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_logarithmic_identities

   ln (r) is the standard natural logarithm of the real number r. Arg (z) is the principal value of the arg function; its value is restricted to (−π, π]. It can be computed using Arg (x + iy) = atan2 (y, x). Log (z) is the principal value of the complex logarithm function and has imaginary part in the range (−π, π].

3. Logarithm - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithm

   e. In mathematics, the logarithm is the inverse function to exponentiation. That means that the logarithm of a number x to the base b is the exponent to which b must be raised to produce x. For example, since 1000 = 103, the logarithm base of 1000 is 3, or log10 (1000) = 3.

4. Log-normal distribution - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log-normal_distribution

   In probability theory, a log-normal (or lognormal) distribution is a continuous probability distribution of a random variable whose logarithm is normally distributed. Thus, if the random variable X is log-normally distributed, then Y = ln (X) has a normal distribution. [2] [3] Equivalently, if Y has a normal distribution, then the exponential ...

5. Natural logarithm - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm

   The natural logarithm of a number is its logarithm to the base of the mathematical constant e, which is an irrational and transcendental number approximately equal to 2.718 281 828 459. [1] The natural logarithm of x is generally written as ln x, loge x, or sometimes, if the base e is implicit, simply log x.

6. Log–log plot - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log–log_plot

   Comparison of Linear, Concave, and Convex Functions In original (left) and log10 (right) scales. In science and engineering, a log–log graph or log–log plot is a two-dimensional graph of numerical data that uses logarithmic scales on both the horizontal and vertical axes. Power functions – relationships of the form – appear as straight ...

7. Big O notation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_O_notation

   Big O notation is a mathematical notation that describes the limiting behavior of a function when the argument tends towards a particular value or infinity. Big O is a member of a family of notations invented by German mathematicians Paul Bachmann, [1] Edmund Landau, [2] and others, collectively called Bachmann–Landau notation or asymptotic ...

8. Square (financial services) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_(financial_services)

   Square is a financial services platform by Block, Inc. for small and medium-sized businesses. [1] [2] It enables accepting credit card payments using smartphones as POS registers, and facilitates various business operations. As of 2023, Square reports 4 million merchant clients and an annual payment value of US$ 210 billion.

9. Number sign - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_sign

   The symbol # is known variously in English-speaking regions as the number sign, hash, or pound sign. The symbol has historically been used for a wide range of purposes including the designation of an ordinal number and as a ligatured abbreviation for pounds avoirdupois – having been derived from the now-rare ℔ .