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  2. Hindi - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi

    Modern Standard Hindi ( Hindi: आधुनिक मानक हिन्दी, romanized : Ādhunik Mānak Hindī ), [14] commonly referred to as Hindi (Hindi: हिन्दी, [a] Hindī ), is an Indo-Aryan language spoken chiefly in North India, and serves as the lingua franca of the Hindi Belt region encompassing parts of northern ...

  3. Chandala - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandala

    Chandala. A man belonging to Candala or Namasudra caste in East Bengal in 1860. Chandala ( Sanskrit: चण्डाल) is a Sanskrit word for someone who deals with the disposal of corpses, and is a Hindu lower caste, [1] traditionally considered to be untouchable. [2] [3]

  4. Hindi literature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_literature

    Hindi literature ( Hindi: हिन्दी साहित्य, romanized : hindī sāhitya) includes literature in the various Hindi languages which have different writing systems. Earliest forms of Hindi literature are attested in poetry of Apabhraṃśa like Awadhi, and Marwari languages. Hindi literature is composed in three broad ...

  5. Pargana - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pargana

    Pargana. Pargana or parganah, also spelt pergunnah during the time of the Sultanate period, Mughal times and British Raj, [1] is a former administrative unit of the Indian subcontinent and each parganas may or may not be subdivided into pirs. [2] Those revenue units are used primarily, but not exclusively, by the Muslim kingdoms.

  6. Brahmin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmin

    e. Brahmins worshipping River Ganges 1882. Brahmin ( / ˈbrɑːmɪn /; Sanskrit: ब्राह्मण, romanized : brāhmaṇa) is a varna as well as a caste within Hindu society. The other three varnas are the Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra.

  7. Sengunthar - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sengunthar

    A collection of songs about the Sungunthars, taken from palm-leaf manuscripts, that was first published in the 18th century in Kanchipuram. Eetti Ezhubathu, the major literary work about the Sengunthars. It comprises poetry by Ottakkoothar written in the 12th century CE during the reign of Rajaraja Chola II.

  8. Vishwakarma (caste) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishwakarma_(caste)

    The Vishwakarma community are a social group of India, sometimes described as a caste. They prefer the alternate name, Vishwabrahmin, and claim themselves to be Brahmin or of high-status in the caste hierarchy, although these claims are not generally accepted outside the community. The community comprises five subgroups— carpenters ...

  9. History of Hindustani language - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Hindustani_language

    During this time Hindustani was the language of both Hindus and Muslims. The non-communal nature of the language lasted until the British Raj in India, when in 1837 Hindustani in the Persian script (i.e. Urdu) replaced Persian as the official language and was made co-official along with English.