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1) where E k is the (constant) complex amplitude vector, i is the imaginary unit , k is the wave vector (whose magnitude k is the angular wavenumber), r is the position vector , ω is the angular frequency , t is time, and it is understood that the real part of the expression is the physical field. [Note 1] The value of the expression is unchanged if the position r varies in a direction normal ...
Amplitude. The amplitude of a periodic variable is a measure of its change in a single period (such as time or spatial period ). The amplitude of a non-periodic signal is its magnitude compared with a reference value. There are various definitions of amplitude (see below), which are all functions of the magnitude of the differences between the ...
The transfer-matrix method is a method used in optics and acoustics to analyze the propagation of electromagnetic or acoustic waves through a stratified medium; a stack of thin films. [1] [2] This is, for example, relevant for the design of anti-reflective coatings and dielectric mirrors . The reflection of light from a single interface between ...
Partial-wave analysis. Partial-wave analysis, in the context of quantum mechanics, refers to a technique for solving scattering problems by decomposing each wave into its constituent angular-momentum components and solving using boundary conditions .
Refractive index. A ray of light being refracted through a glass slab. In optics, the refractive index (or refraction index) of an optical medium is a dimensionless number that gives the indication of the light bending ability of that medium. Refraction of a light ray. The refractive index determines how much the path of light is bent, or ...
Helmholtz equation. In mathematics, the Helmholtz equation is the eigenvalue problem for the Laplace operator. It corresponds to the linear partial differential equation : where ∇2 is the Laplace operator, k2 is the eigenvalue, and f is the (eigen)function. When the equation is applied to waves, k is known as the wave number.
where ^ is a unit-length vector, the direction of propagation of the wave, and "" denotes the dot product of two vectors. The parameter , which may be a scalar or a vector, is called the amplitude of the wave; the coefficient , a positive scalar, its spatial frequency; and the adimensional scalar , an angle in radians, is its initial phase or phase shift.
The area enclosed depends on the amplitude and the maximum momentum. Dynamics. In Newtonian mechanics, for one-dimensional simple harmonic motion, the equation of motion, which is a second-order linear ordinary differential equation with constant coefficients, can be obtained by means of Newton's 2nd law and Hooke's law for a mass on a spring.
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