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su (Unix) is a command that allows a user to run commands with the privileges of another user account. It can be used with or without a hyphen (su -) to start a login shell and assume the user environment of the target user.
Sudo is a command that allows users to run programs with the security privileges of another user, such as the superuser. It has a configuration file, a history, a logo, and various tools and similar programs for Unix-like systems and Windows.
chmod is a Unix and Unix-like command and system call that changes the access permissions and special flags of files and directories. Learn the history, syntax, options, and examples of chmod, as well as its portability to other operating systems.
Learn how setuid and setgid flags allow users to run programs with elevated privileges or change group ownership in directories. See examples, security implications and file modes of these flags.
passwd is a command to change user passwords on Unix-like systems, and /etc/passwd is a file that stores user information. Learn how passwords are hashed, salted, and secured with shadow files and other methods.
The wheel group is a special user group used on some Unix systems to control access to the su or sudo command, which allows a user to masquerade as another user. Learn about the origins, usage and conflicts of the wheel group in Unix culture.
cd . will leave the user in the same directory they are currently in (i.e. the current directory won't change). This can be useful if the user's shell's internal code can't deal with the directory they are in being recreated; running cd . will place their shell in the recreated directory. cd ~username will put the user in the username's home ...
chown is a Unix and Unix-like command that changes the owner and group of files and directories. It is available for Windows, IBM i and other platforms. See usage, syntax and examples of chown command.