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2. Mathematics - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics

   Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics with the major subdisciplines of number theory, [1] algebra, [2] geometry, [1] and analysis, [3 ...

3. Calculus - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus

   In mathematics education, calculus denotes courses of elementary mathematical analysis, which are mainly devoted to the study of functions and limits. The word calculus is Latin for "small pebble" (the diminutive of calx, meaning "stone"), a meaning which still persists in medicine. Because such pebbles were used for counting out distances, [5 ...

4. Modular arithmetic - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_arithmetic

   Time-keeping on this clock uses arithmetic modulo 12. Adding 4 hours to 9 o'clock gives 1 o'clock, since 13 is congruent to 1 modulo 12. In mathematics, modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers "wrap around" when reaching a certain value, called the modulus. The modern approach to modular arithmetic was developed ...

5. Lattice multiplication - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_multiplication

   Lattice multiplication. Lattice multiplication, also known as the Italian method, Chinese method, Chinese lattice, gelosia multiplication, [1] sieve multiplication, shabakh, diagonally or Venetian squares, is a method of multiplication that uses a lattice to multiply two multi-digit numbers. It is mathematically identical to the more commonly ...

6. FOIL method - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOIL_method

   In elementary algebra, FOIL is a mnemonic for the standard method of multiplying two binomials [1] —hence the method may be referred to as the FOIL method. The word FOIL is an acronym for the four terms of the product: The general form is. Note that a is both a "first" term and an "outer" term; b is both a "last" and "inner" term, and so forth.

7. Mathematical notation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_notation

   Mathematical notation consists of using symbols for representing operations, unspecified numbers, relations, and any other mathematical objects and assembling them into expressions and formulas. Mathematical notation is widely used in mathematics, science, and engineering for representing complex concepts and properties in a concise ...