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Pancasila is the official, foundational philosophical theory of Indonesia, composed of five principles: belief in the one and only God, just and civilized humanity, unity of Indonesia, democracy guided by the inner wisdom, and social justice for all. Learn about the history, background, rationale, and symbols of Pancasila from this Wikipedia article.
Learn how Sukarno, Indonesia's first president, was ousted by Suharto in 1967 after a period of political turmoil and violence. Find out the background, events and consequences of the transition to the New Order regime.
The New Order was the regime of Suharto, the second president of Indonesia, from 1966 to 1998. It was marked by authoritarian rule, anti-communism, economic development, and repression of political opposition.
Learn about the contemporary history of Indonesia since the fall of Suharto in 1998, also known as the Reform era (Era Reformasi). Explore the political, social, and economic changes, challenges, and events that shaped Indonesia in this period.
Suharto was the second and longest serving president of Indonesia, who ruled as a military dictator from 1967 to 1998. He led a violent anti-communist purge, suppressed political and human rights, and amassed vast wealth and power.
The Petition of Fifty (Indonesian: Petisi 50) was a document protesting then President Suharto's use of state philosophy Pancasila against political opponents. Issued on 5 May 1980 as an "Expression of Concern", it was signed by fifty prominent Indonesians including former Army Chief of Staff Nasution, former Jakarta governor Ali Sadikin and former prime ministers Burhanuddin Harahap and ...
The 1945 Constitution of Indonesia (UUD 1945) is the supreme law and basis for all laws of Indonesia. It was written in 1945 during the Japanese occupation and restored by Sukarno in 1959, and it includes the Pancasila, the five nationalist principles.
Garuda Pancasila is a Javan hawk-eagle with a shield on its chest and a scroll in its claws, representing the five principles of Indonesia's national ideology. Learn about the history, design, and symbolism of this emblem, as well as its connection to ancient Hindu-Buddhist temples and traditions.