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Definition Positive predictive value (PPV) The positive predictive value (PPV), or precision, is defined as = + = where a "true positive" is the event that the test makes a positive prediction, and the subject has a positive result under the gold standard, and a "false positive" is the event that the test makes a positive prediction, and the subject has a negative result under the gold standard.
The Positive predictive value (PPV) of a test is the proportion of persons who are actually positive out of all those testing positive, and can be calculated from a sample as: PPV = True positive / Tested positive. If sensitivity, specificity, and prevalence are known, PPV can be calculated using Bayes theorem.
Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii, an apicomplexan. [3] Infections with toxoplasmosis are associated with a variety of neuropsychiatric and behavioral conditions. [8] Occasionally, people may have a few weeks or months of mild, flu-like illness such as muscle aches and tender lymph nodes. [1]
The PDF of the paper. " Why Most Published Research Findings Are False " is a 2005 essay written by John Ioannidis, a professor at the Stanford School of Medicine, and published in PLOS Medicine. [1] It is considered foundational to the field of metascience . In the paper, Ioannidis argued that a large number, if not the majority, of published ...
Sensitivity (true positive rate) is the probability of a positive test result, conditioned on the individual truly being positive. Specificity (true negative rate) is the probability of a negative test result, conditioned on the individual truly being negative. If the true status of the condition cannot be known, sensitivity and specificity can ...
Pre-test probability. The pre-test probability of an individual can be chosen as one of the following: The prevalence of the disease, which may have to be chosen if no other characteristic is known for the individual, or it can be chosen for ease of calculation even if other characteristics are known although such omission may cause inaccurate results
Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, sold under the brand name Pneumovax 23, is a pneumococcal vaccine that is used for the prevention of pneumococcal disease caused by the 23 serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae contained in the vaccine as capsular polysaccharides. [2] It is given by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection.
Pneumonia is a common respiratory infection, affecting approximately 450 million people a year and occurring in all parts of the world. It is a major cause of death among all age groups, resulting in 1.4 million deaths in 2010 (7% of the world's yearly total) and 3.0 million deaths in 2016 (the 4th leading cause of death in the world).