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In Demography, the rate of natural increase ( RNI ), also known as natural population change, is defined as the birth rate minus the death rate of a particular population, over a particular time period. [1] It is typically expressed either as a number per 1,000 individuals in the population [2] or as a percentage. [3]
The rate of natural increase (RNI) is defined as the birth rate minus the death rate. It is typically expressed either as a number per 1,000 individuals in the population or as a percentage. It is typically expressed either as a number per 1,000 individuals in the population or as a percentage.
Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution, the change in the heritable traits characteristic of a population over generations. Charles Darwin popularised the term "natural selection", contrasting it with artificial selection, which is ...
Population growth is the increase in the number of people in a population or dispersed group. Actual global human population growth amounts to around 83 million annually, or 1.1% per year. [2] The global population has grown from 1 billion in 1800 to 7.9 billion in 2020. [3] The UN projected population to keep growing, and estimates have put ...
Carrying capacity. The carrying capacity of an environment is the maximum population size of a biological species that can be sustained by that specific environment, given the food, habitat, water, and other resources available. The carrying capacity is defined as the environment 's maximal load, [clarification needed] which in population ...
Willard Gibbs, Graphical Methods in the Thermodynamics of Fluids The concept of entropy is described by two principal approaches, the macroscopic perspective of classical thermodynamics, and the microscopic description central to statistical mechanics. The classical approach defines entropy in terms of macroscopically measurable physical properties, such as bulk mass, volume, pressure, and ...
An increase in the combined entropy of system and surroundings accounts for the irreversibility of natural processes, often referred to in the concept of the arrow of time. [5] [6] Historically, the second law was an empirical finding that was accepted as an axiom of thermodynamic theory .
Natural forces cause some variability, but the 20-year average shows the progressive influence of human activity. [2] In common usage, climate change describes global warming —the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system .