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t. e. Redistribution of income and wealth is the transfer of income and wealth (including physical property) from some individuals to others through a social mechanism such as taxation, welfare, public services, land reform, monetary policies, confiscation, divorce or tort law. [1] The term typically refers to redistribution on an economy-wide ...
The wage–fund doctrine is a concept from early economic theory that seeks to show that the amount of money a worker earns in wages, paid to them from a fixed amount of funds available to employers each year ( capital ), is determined by the relationship of wages and capital to any changes in population. In the words of J. R. McCulloch, [1]
Art Fund (formerly the National Art Collections Fund) is an independent membership-based British charity, which raises funds to aid the acquisition of artworks for the nation. It gives grants and acts as a channel for many gifts and bequests, as well as lobbying on behalf of museums and galleries and their users.
Investment (macroeconomics) In macroeconomics, investment "consists of the additions to the nation's capital stock of buildings, equipment, software, and inventories during a year" [1] or, alternatively, investment spending — "spending on productive physical capital such as machinery and construction of buildings, and on changes to ...
A more general definition is that a currency is a "system" of money (monetary units) in common use, especially within a particular nation. current account A country's current account is one of the two components of its balance of payments, the other being the capital account (also known as the financial account).
Economics (/ ˌ ɛ k ə ˈ n ɒ m ɪ k s, ˌ iː k ə-/) is a social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Economics focuses on the behaviour and interactions of economic agents and how economies work.
Marginal cost of public funds. The marginal cost of public funds ( MCF) is a concept in public finance which measures the loss incurred by society in raising additional revenues to finance government spending due to the distortion of resource allocation caused by taxation. [1] Formally, it is defined as the ratio of the marginal value of a ...
The economics term cost, also known as economic cost or opportunity cost, refers to the potential gain that is lost by foregoing one opportunity in order to take advantage of another. The lost potential gain is the cost of the opportunity that is accepted. Sometimes this cost is explicit: for example, if a firm pays $100 for a machine, its cost ...