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Numerical differentiation. Finite difference estimation of derivative. In numerical analysis, numerical differentiation algorithms estimate the derivative of a mathematical function or function subroutine using values of the function and perhaps other knowledge about the function.
considered as a function of , is the likelihood function, given the outcome of the random variable . Sometimes the probability of "the value of for the parameter value " is written as P(X = x | θ) or P(X = x; θ). The likelihood is the probability that a particular outcome is observed when the true value of the parameter is , equivalent to the ...
v. t. e. In mathematics, the derivative is a fundamental tool that quantifies the sensitivity of change of a function 's output with respect to its input. The derivative of a function of a single variable at a chosen input value, when it exists, is the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function at that point.
t. e. In calculus, the chain rule is a formula that expresses the derivative of the composition of two differentiable functions f and g in terms of the derivatives of f and g. More precisely, if is the function such that for every x, then the chain rule is, in Lagrange's notation, or, equivalently, The chain rule may also be expressed in ...
A sigmoid function refers specifically to a function whose graph follows the logistic function. It is defined by the formula: In many fields, especially in the context of artificial neural networks, the term "sigmoid function" is correctly recognized as a synonym for the logistic function. While other S-shaped curves, such as the Gompertz curve ...
Definition. The Fisher information is a way of measuring the amount of information that an observable random variable carries about an unknown parameter upon which the probability of depends. Let be the probability density function (or probability mass function) for conditioned on the value of . It describes the probability that we observe a ...
In mathematics, a differentiable function of one real variable is a function whose derivative exists at each point in its domain. In other words, the graph of a differentiable function has a non- vertical tangent line at each interior point in its domain. A differentiable function is smooth (the function is locally well approximated as a linear ...
A critical point of a function of a single real variable, f (x), is a value x0 in the domain of f where f is not differentiable or its derivative is 0 (i.e. ).[2] A critical value is the image under f of a critical point. These concepts may be visualized through the graph of f: at a critical point, the graph has a horizontal tangent if one can ...