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A proton is a stable subatomic particle, symbol. p. , H +, or 1 H + with a positive electric charge of +1 e ( elementary charge ). Its mass is slightly less than the mass of a neutron and 1,836 times the mass of an electron (the proton-to-electron mass ratio ). Protons and neutrons, each with masses of approximately one atomic mass unit, are ...
Proton AG is a Swiss technology company offering privacy -focused online services. It was founded in 2014 by a group of scientists who met at CERN and created Proton Mail. [5] [6] Proton is headquartered in Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland. [7] [8] [9] It is supported by FONGIT (the Fondation Genevoise pour l'Innovation Technologique) and the ...
Proton VPN is a VPN service launched in 2017 and operated by the Swiss company Proton AG, the company behind the email service Proton Mail. According to its official website, Proton VPN and Proton Mail share the same management team, offices, and technical resources, and are operated from Proton's headquarters in Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland.
Proton Mail (previously written as ProtonMail) is a Swiss end-to-end encrypted email service founded in 2013 headquartered in Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland. It uses client-side encryption to protect email content and user data before they are sent to Proton Mail servers, unlike other common email providers such as Gmail and Outlook.com.
The atomic nucleus is the small, dense region consisting of protons and neutrons at the center of an atom, discovered in 1911 by Ernest Rutherford based on the 1909 Geiger–Marsden gold foil experiment. After the discovery of the neutron in 1932, models for a nucleus composed of protons and neutrons were quickly developed by Dmitri Ivanenko [1 ...
In solar physics, a solar particle event ( SPE ), also known as a solar energetic particle event or solar radiation storm, [a] [1] is a solar phenomenon which occurs when particles emitted by the Sun, mostly protons, become accelerated either in the Sun's atmosphere during a solar flare or in interplanetary space by a coronal mass ejection shock.
In chemistry, the hydron, informally called proton, is the cationic form of atomic hydrogen, represented with the symbol H +The general term "hydron", endorsed by IUPAC, encompasses cations of hydrogen regardless of isotope: thus it refers collectively to protons (1 H +) for the protium isotope, deuterons (2 H + or D +) for the deuterium isotope, and tritons (3 H + or T +) for the tritium isotope.
e. The proton affinity (PA, Epa) of an anion or of a neutral atom or molecule is the negative of the enthalpy change in the reaction between the chemical species concerned and a proton in the gas phase: [1] These reactions are always exothermic in the gas phase, i.e. energy is released ( enthalpy is negative) when the reaction advances in the ...