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Computer simulation is the process of mathematical modelling, performed on a computer, which is designed to predict the behaviour of, or the outcome of, a real-world or physical system. The reliability of some mathematical models can be determined by comparing their results to the real-world outcomes they aim to predict.
In numerical optimization, the Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno ( BFGS) algorithm is an iterative method for solving unconstrained nonlinear optimization problems. [1] Like the related Davidon–Fletcher–Powell method, BFGS determines the descent direction by preconditioning the gradient with curvature information.
Google Scholar is a freely accessible web search engine that indexes the full text or metadata of scholarly literature across an array of publishing formats and disciplines. . Released in beta in November 2004, the Google Scholar index includes peer-reviewed online academic journals and books, conference papers, theses and dissertations, preprints, abstracts, technical reports, and other ...
Verification and validation of computer simulation models. Verification and validation of computer simulation models is conducted during the development of a simulation model with the ultimate goal of producing an accurate and credible model. [1] [2] "Simulation models are increasingly being used to solve problems and to aid in decision-making.
v. t. e. A simulation is an imitative representation of a process or system that could exist in the real world. [1] [2] [3] In this broad sense, simulation can often be used interchangeably with model. [2] Sometimes a clear distinction between the two terms is made, in which simulations require the use of models; the model represents the key ...
Modeling and simulation ( M&S) is the use of models (e.g., physical, mathematical, behavioral, or logical representation of a system, entity, phenomenon, or process) as a basis for simulations to develop data utilized for managerial or technical decision making. [1] [2]
Large eddy simulation ( LES) is a mathematical model for turbulence used in computational fluid dynamics. It was initially proposed in 1963 by Joseph Smagorinsky to simulate atmospheric air currents, [1] and first explored by Deardorff (1970). [2] LES is currently applied in a wide variety of engineering applications, including combustion, [3 ...
Machine learning ( ML) is a field of study in artificial intelligence concerned with the development and study of statistical algorithms that can learn from data and generalize to unseen data, and thus perform tasks without explicit instructions. [1]