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Natural-language understanding is considered an AI-hard problem. [2] There is considerable commercial interest in the field because of its application to automated reasoning , [3] machine translation , [4] question answering , [5] news-gathering, text categorization , voice-activation , archiving, and large-scale content analysis .
Humanistic education. Humanistic education (also called person-centered education) is an approach to education based on the work of humanistic psychologists, most notably Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. [1] [2] Rogers is regarded as the founder of humanistic psychology [3] and devoted much of his efforts toward applying the results of his ...
Evolution of ageing. Enquiry into the evolution of ageing, or aging, aims to explain why a detrimental process such as ageing would evolve, and why there is so much variability in the lifespans of organisms. The classical theories of evolution ( mutation accumulation, antagonistic pleiotropy, and disposable soma) [1] [2] [3] suggest that ...
Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution, the change in the heritable traits characteristic of a population over generations. Charles Darwin popularised the term "natural selection", contrasting it with artificial selection, which is ...
Gordon music learning theory. Gordon music-learning theory is a model for music education based on Edwin Gordon's research on musical aptitude and achievement in the greater field of music learning theory. [1] [2] The theory is an explanation of music learning, based on audiation (see below) and students' individual musical differences.
Self-regulated learning ( SRL) is one of the domains of self-regulation, and is aligned most closely with educational aims. [1] Broadly speaking, it refers to learning that is guided by metacognition (thinking about one's thinking), strategic action (planning, monitoring, and evaluating personal progress against a standard), and motivation to ...
A scientific theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experiment. Such fact-supported theories are not "guesses" but reliable accounts of the real world. The theory of biological evolution is more than "just a theory."
The natural rate of unemployment is the name that was given to a key concept in the study of economic activity. Milton Friedman and Edmund Phelps , tackling this 'human' problem in the 1960s, both received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for their work, and the development of the concept is cited as a main motivation behind the prize.