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2. Password cracking - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_length_parameter

   The purpose of password cracking might be to help a user recover a forgotten password (due to the fact that installing an entirely new password would involve System Administration privileges), to gain unauthorized access to a system, or to act as a preventive measure whereby system administrators check for easily crackable passwords. On a file ...

3. Pepper (cryptography) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepper_(cryptography)

   Pepper (cryptography) In cryptography, a pepper is a secret added to an input such as a password during hashing with a cryptographic hash function. This value differs from a salt in that it is not stored alongside a password hash, but rather the pepper is kept separate in some other medium, such as a Hardware Security Module. [1]

4. HMAC-based one-time password - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAC-based_one-time_password

   HMAC-based one-time password ( HOTP) is a one-time password (OTP) algorithm based on HMAC. It is a cornerstone of the Initiative for Open Authentication (OATH). HOTP was published as an informational IETF RFC 4226 in December 2005, documenting the algorithm along with a Java implementation. Since then, the algorithm has been adopted by many ...

5. Challenge–response authentication - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge–response...

   A hash function can also be applied to a password and a random challenge value to create a response value. Another variation uses a probabilistic model to provide randomized challenges conditioned on model input. Such encrypted or hashed exchanges do not directly reveal the password to an eavesdropper.

6. Key stretching - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_stretching

   Key stretching. In cryptography, key stretching techniques are used to make a possibly weak key, typically a password or passphrase, more secure against a brute-force attack by increasing the resources (time and possibly space) it takes to test each possible key. Passwords or passphrases created by humans are often short or predictable enough ...

7. List of password managers - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_password_managers

   Through Firefox and Chromium add-ons. Local installation with git sync. Password Safe. Artistic-2.0. Android, iOS, Linux ( beta ), FreeBSD (beta), Windows, unofficial ports ( macOS, Windows Phone ) Through auto-typing. Local installation, optional file or cloud sync. Pleasant Password Server. Proprietary.

8. Secure Remote Password protocol - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Remote_Password...

   The Secure Remote Password protocol (SRP) is an augmented password-authenticated key exchange (PAKE) protocol, specifically designed to work around existing patents.. Like all PAKE protocols, an eavesdropper or man in the middle cannot obtain enough information to be able to brute-force guess a password or apply a dictionary attack without further interactions with the parties for each guess.

9. Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographically_secure...

   A cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator (CSPRNG) or cryptographic pseudorandom number generator (CPRNG) [1] is a pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) with properties that make it suitable for use in cryptography. It is also loosely known as a cryptographic random number generator (CRNG), [2] [3] which can be compared to "true ...