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Swarming behavior is complicated because of the prevalence of cross-breeding and hybridization of the sub-species. [92] Italian bees are very prolific and inclined to swarm; Northern European black bees have a strong tendency to supersede their old queen without swarming.
Swarm robotic platforms apply swarm robotics [1] in multi-robot collaboration. [2] They take inspiration from nature (e.g. collective problem solving mechanisms seen in nature such as honey bee aggregation [3] [4]). The main goal is to control a large number of robots (with limited sensing/processing ability) to accomplish a common task/problem.
An expert group evaluated swarming's role in the "revolution in military affairs" or force transformation. [3] They observed that military swarming is primarily tactical, sometimes operational and rarely strategic, and is a complement to other efforts rather than a replacement for them. Swarming is a logical extension of network-centric warfare.
Pheromone-based communication is one of the most effective ways of communication which is widely observed in nature. Pheromone is used by social insects such as bees, ants and termites; both for inter-agent and agent-swarm communications. Due to its feasibility, artificial pheromones have been adopted in multi-robot and swarm robotic systems.
A brief video of particle swarms optimizing three benchmark functions. Simulation of PSO convergence in a two-dimensional space (Matlab). Applications of PSO. Liu, Yang (2009). "Automatic calibration of a rainfall–runoff model using a fast and elitist multi-objective particle swarm algorithm". Expert Systems with Applications. 36 (5): 9533 ...
Swarm robotics is an approach to the coordination of multiple robots as a system which consist of large numbers of mostly simple physical robots.In a robot swarm, the collective behavior of the robots results from local interactions between the robots and between the robots and the environment in which they act. [1]
Flocking behaviour was simulated on a computer in 1987 by Craig Reynolds with his simulation program, Boids. [2] This program simulates simple agents (boids) that are allowed to move according to a set of basic rules. The result is akin to a flock of birds, a school of fish, or a swarm of insects.
These are the stages of stingless bees swarming: [70] Reconnaissance and preparation: Scouts inspect potential new nest sites for suitability, considering factors such as cavity size, entrance characteristics, and potential threats. The criteria for determining suitability remain largely unexplored.