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Internal fragmentation is the waste of memory caused by allocating chunks larger than needed, while external fragmentation is the inability to use free space due to fragmented blocks. Learn how these phenomena affect computer storage and how to reduce or eliminate them.
File system fragmentation is more problematic with consumer-grade hard disk drives because of the increasing disparity between sequential access speed and rotational latency (and to a lesser extent seek time) on which file systems are usually placed. [8] Thus, fragmentation is an important problem in file system research and design.
Defragmentation is a process that reduces the degree of fragmentation of files on a disk drive by organizing them into contiguous regions. Learn how fragmentation occurs, how it affects performance, and how defragmentation software works with examples and diagrams.
Memory paging is a technique to store and retrieve data from secondary storage for use in main memory. Learn about the history, page faults, page fetching and page replacement techniques of memory paging in operating systems.
Virtual memory is a memory management technique that creates the illusion of a large main memory by using a combination of hardware and software. Learn how virtual memory works, its benefits, and its origins from the Atlas Computer to modern operating systems.
Learn about the buddy system, a memory allocation algorithm that divides memory into partitions and splits and merges blocks of different sizes. See an example of how the buddy system works and its advantages and disadvantages.
Learn how operating systems manage the computer's primary memory, the function responsible for allocating and freeing memory among competing processes. Explore different memory management techniques, such as single contiguous allocation, partitioned allocation, paged memory, segmented memory, and rollout/rollin.
Memory segmentation is a method of dividing primary memory into segments or sections, each with a length and permissions. It can be used for virtual memory, memory protection, and process isolation. Learn about its hardware implementation, history, and examples.