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  2. Indistinguishable particles - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indistinguishable_particles

    Statistical mechanics. In quantum mechanics, indistinguishable particles (also called identical or indiscernible particles) are particles that cannot be distinguished from one another, even in principle. Species of identical particles include, but are not limited to, elementary particles (such as electrons ), composite subatomic particles (such ...

  3. Pauli exclusion principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauli_exclusion_principle

    In quantum mechanics, the Pauli exclusion principle states that two or more identical particles with half-integer spins (i.e. fermions) cannot simultaneously occupy the same quantum state within a system that obeys the laws of quantum mechanics. This principle was formulated by Austrian physicist Wolfgang Pauli in 1925 for electrons, and later ...

  4. Scientific method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method

    e. The scientific method is an empirical method for acquiring knowledge that has characterized the development of science since at least the 17th century. The scientific method involves careful observation coupled with rigorous scepticism, because cognitive assumptions can distort the interpretation of the observation.

  5. Law of identity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_identity

    Law of identity. In logic, the law of identity states that each thing is identical with itself. It is the first of the historical three laws of thought, along with the law of noncontradiction, and the law of excluded middle. However, few systems of logic are built on just these laws.

  6. Radioanalytical chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioanalytical_chemistry

    The field of radioanalytical chemistry was originally developed by Marie Curie with contributions by Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy. They developed chemical separation and radiation measurement techniques on terrestrial radioactive substances. During the twenty years that followed 1897 the concepts of radionuclides was born. [1]

  7. De Morgan's laws - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Morgan's_laws

    Working in the opposite direction, the second expression asserts that A is false and B is false (or equivalently that "not A" and "not B" are true). Knowing this, a disjunction of A and B must be false also. The negation of said disjunction must thus be true, and the result is identical to the first claim. Negation of a conjunction

  8. PDF - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF

    Interactive Forms is a mechanism to add forms to the PDF file format. PDF currently supports two different methods for integrating data and PDF forms. Both formats today coexist in the PDF specification: AcroForms (also known as Acrobat forms), introduced in the PDF 1.2 format specification and included in all later PDF specifications.

  9. Locality of reference - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locality_of_reference

    In computer science, locality of reference, also known as the principle of locality, [1] is the tendency of a processor to access the same set of memory locations repetitively over a short period of time. [2] There are two basic types of reference locality – temporal and spatial locality. Temporal locality refers to the reuse of specific data ...

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