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Aristotle. Aristotle ( / ˈærɪsˌtɒtəl / ARR-iss-tot-əl; [1] Greek: Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs, pronounced [aristotélɛːs]; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath. His writings cover a broad range of subjects spanning the natural sciences, philosophy, linguistics, economics, politics, psychology, and the arts.
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The classical elements typically refer to earth, water, air, fire, and (later) aether which were proposed to explain the nature and complexity of all matter in terms of simpler substances. [1] [2] Ancient cultures in Greece, Tibet, and India had similar lists which sometimes referred, in local languages, to "air" as "wind" and the fifth element ...
Aether (classical element) According to ancient and medieval science, aether ( / ˈiːθər /, alternative spellings include æther, aither, and ether ), also known as the fifth element or quintessence, is the material that fills the region of the universe beyond the terrestrial sphere. [1] The concept of aether was used in several theories to ...
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Great chain of being. 1579 drawing of the Great Chain of Being from Didacus Valades [ es], Rhetorica Christiana. The great chain of being is a hierarchical structure of all matter and life, thought by medieval Christianity to have been decreed by God. The chain begins with God and descends through angels, humans, animals and plants to minerals.
The works of Aristotle, sometimes referred to by modern scholars with the Latin phrase Corpus Aristotelicum, is the collection of Aristotle 's works that have survived from antiquity. According to a distinction that originates with Aristotle himself, [citation needed] his writings are divisible into two groups: the "exoteric" and the "esoteric ...
Neoplatonism. Neoplatonism is a version of Platonic philosophy that emerged in the 3rd century AD against the background of Hellenistic philosophy and religion. [1] [note 1] [note 2] The term does not encapsulate a set of ideas as much as a series of thinkers. Among the common ideas it maintains is monism, the doctrine that all of reality can ...