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  2. Difference quotient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difference_quotient

    By a slight change in notation (and viewpoint), for an interval [ a, b ], the difference quotient. is called [5] the mean (or average) value of the derivative of f over the interval [ a, b ]. This name is justified by the mean value theorem, which states that for a differentiable function f, its derivative f′ reaches its mean value at some ...

  3. Elementary algebra - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_algebra

    Two-dimensional plot (red curve) of the algebraic equation . Elementary algebra, also known as college algebra, [1] encompasses the basic concepts of algebra. It is often contrasted with arithmetic: arithmetic deals with specified numbers, [2] whilst algebra introduces variables (quantities without fixed values). [3]

  4. Congruence relation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congruence_relation

    Congruence relation. In abstract algebra, a congruence relation (or simply congruence) is an equivalence relation on an algebraic structure (such as a group, ring, or vector space) that is compatible with the structure in the sense that algebraic operations done with equivalent elements will yield equivalent elements. [1]

  5. Numerical differentiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_differentiation

    Numerical differentiation. Finite difference estimation of derivative. In numerical analysis, numerical differentiation algorithms estimate the derivative of a mathematical function or function subroutine using values of the function and perhaps other knowledge about the function.

  6. Quotient (universal algebra) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotient_(universal_algebra)

    Quotient (universal algebra) In mathematics, a quotient algebra is the result of partitioning the elements of an algebraic structure using a congruence relation . Quotient algebras are also called factor algebras. Here, the congruence relation must be an equivalence relation that is additionally compatible with all the operations of the algebra ...

  7. Algebraic structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_structure

    The quotient algebra T/E is then the algebraic structure or variety. Thus, for example, groups have a signature containing two operators: the multiplication operator m , taking two arguments, and the inverse operator i , taking one argument, and the identity element e , a constant, which may be considered an operator that takes zero arguments.

  8. Universal algebra - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_algebra

    Universal algebra (sometimes called general algebra) is the field of mathematics that studies algebraic structures themselves, not examples ("models") of algebraic structures. For instance, rather than take particular groups as the object of study, in universal algebra one takes the class of groups as an object of study.

  9. Finite difference - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_difference

    A finite difference is a mathematical expression of the form f (x + b) − f (x + a). If a finite difference is divided by b − a, one gets a difference quotient. The approximation of derivatives by finite differences plays a central role in finite difference methods for the numerical solution of differential equations, especially boundary ...

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