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Online Labour Index. The Online Labour Index ( OLI) is an economic indicator measuring the activity of the global online gig-economy. [1] It was created and is administered by the researchers Otto Kässi, Vili Lehdonvirta, and Fabian Stephany, at the Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford. [2]
Labour economics, or labor economics, seeks to understand the functioning and dynamics of the markets for wage labour. Labour is a commodity that is supplied by labourers, usually in exchange for a wage paid by demanding firms. [1] [2] Because these labourers exist as parts of a social, institutional, or political system, labour economics must ...
The utilized amounts of the various inputs determine the quantity of output according to the relationship called the production function. There are four basic resources or factors of production: land, labour, capital and entrepreneur (or enterprise). [1] The factors are also frequently labeled " producer goods or services " to distinguish them ...
Since the beginning of the twentieth century, every developed country has created a public employment agency as a way to combat unemployment and help people find work. In 1988, public employment services from six countries founded the World Association of Public Employment Services. As of 2016, 85 PES from all over the world have joined the ...
Forced labour, or unfree labour, is any work relation, especially in modern or early modern history, in which people are employed against their will with the threat of destitution, detention, or violence, including death or other forms of extreme hardship to either themselves or members of their families. [note 1] Unfree labour includes all ...
e. Wage labour (also wage labor in American English ), usually referred to as paid work, paid employment, or paid labour, refers to the socioeconomic relationship between a worker and an employer in which the worker sells their labour power under a formal or informal employment contract. [1] These transactions usually occur in a labour market ...
Exploitation of labour. Exploitation is a concept defined as, in its broadest sense, one agent taking unfair advantage of another agent. [1] When applying this to labour (or labor) it denotes an unjust social relationship based on an asymmetry of power or unequal exchange of value between workers and their employers. [2]
Abstract labour and concrete labour refer to a distinction made by Karl Marx in his critique of political economy. It refers to the difference between human labour in general as economically valuable worktime versus human labour as a particular activity that has a specific useful effect within the (capitalist) mode of production . The twofold ...
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