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One of the stages in a typical phase-shift keying demodulation process produces a stream of I-Q points which can be used as a reasonably reliable estimate for the ideal transmitted signal in EVM calculation.
In probability theory and statistics, the coefficient of variation ( CV ), also known as normalized root-mean-square deviation (NRMSD), percent RMS, and relative standard deviation ( RSD ), is a standardized measure of dispersion of a probability distribution or frequency distribution. It is defined as the ratio of the standard deviation to the ...
To calculate the amount of daily time dilation experienced by GPS satellites relative to Earth we need to separately determine the amounts due to the satellite's velocity and altitude, and add them together. Kinetic time dilation. The amount due to velocity is determined using the Lorentz transformation.
Confusingly, sometimes when people refer to wMAPE they are talking about a different model in which the numerator and denominator of the wMAPE formula above are weighted again by another set of custom weights .
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where is the vector of active weights for each asset relative to the benchmark index and is the covariance matrix for the assets in the index. While creating an index fund could involve holding all investable assets in the index, it is sometimes better practice to only invest in a subset of the assets.
Basic calculation. Relative density ( ) or specific gravity ( ) is a dimensionless quantity, as it is the ratio of either densities or weights. where is relative density, is the density of the substance being measured, and is the density of the reference. (By convention , the Greek letter rho, denotes density.)
Discretization error, which arises from finite resolution in the domain, should not be confused with quantization error, which is finite resolution in the range ...