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Since the Fresnel equations were developed for optics, they are usually given for non-magnetic materials. Dividing ( 4) by ( 5 )) yields. For non-magnetic media we can substitute the vacuum permeability μ0 for μ, so that that is, the admittances are simply proportional to the corresponding refractive indices.
Refractive index. A ray of light being refracted through a glass slab. In optics, the refractive index (or refraction index) of an optical medium is a dimensionless number that gives the indication of the light bending ability of that medium. Refraction of a light ray. The refractive index determines how much the path of light is bent, or ...
Peak amplitude and semi-amplitude. For symmetric periodic waves, like sine waves, square waves or triangle waves peak amplitude and semi amplitude are the same.. Peak amplitude. In audio system measurements, telecommunications and others where the measurand is a signal that swings above and below a reference value but is not sinusoidal, peak amplitude is often used.
The electromagnetic wave equation is a second-order partial differential equation that describes the propagation of electromagnetic waves through a medium or in a vacuum. It is a three-dimensional form of the wave equation. The homogeneous form of the equation, written in terms of either the electric field E or the magnetic field B, takes the form:
Linearly polarized waves consist of photons that are in a superposition of right and left circularly polarized states, with equal amplitude and phases synchronized to give oscillation in a plane. [8] Polarization is an important parameter in areas of science dealing with transverse waves, such as optics , seismology , radio , and microwaves .
where ∇ 2 is the Laplace operator, k 2 is the eigenvalue, and f is the (eigen)function. When the equation is applied to waves, k is known as the wave number.The Helmholtz equation has a variety of applications in physics and other sciences, including the wave equation, the diffusion equation, and the Schrödinger equation for a free particle.
Standing wave. Animation of a standing wave (red) created by the superposition of a left traveling (blue) and right traveling (green) wave. In physics, a standing wave, also known as a stationary wave, is a wave that oscillates in time but whose peak amplitude profile does not move in space. The peak amplitude of the wave oscillations at any ...
Optical theorem. In physics, the optical theorem is a general law of wave scattering theory, which relates the zero-angle scattering amplitude to the total cross section of the scatterer. [1] It is usually written in the form. where f (0) is the scattering amplitude with an angle of zero, that is the amplitude of the wave scattered to the ...
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