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Alternative medicine. Unani or Yunani medicine ( Urdu: طب یونانی tibb yūnānī [1]) is Perso-Arabic traditional medicine as practiced in Muslim culture in South Asia and modern day Central Asia. Unani medicine is pseudoscientific. [2] [3] The Indian Medical Association describes Unani practitioners who claim to practice medicine as quacks.
Johann Friedrich Herbart. Johann Friedrich Herbart ( German: [ˈhɛʁbaʁt]; 4 May 1776 – 14 August 1841) was a German philosopher, psychologist and founder of pedagogy as an academic discipline. Herbart is now remembered amongst the post-Kantian philosophers mostly as making the greatest contrast to Hegel —in particular in relation to ...
Education is a wide phenomenon that applies to all age groups and covers formal education (top row) as well as non-formal and informal education (bottom row). Education is the transmission of knowledge, skills, and character traits and manifests in various forms. Formal education occurs within a structured institutional framework, such as ...
Alan Turing. Alan Mathison Turing OBE FRS ( / ˈtjʊərɪŋ /; 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954) was an English mathematician, computer scientist, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher and theoretical biologist. [5] Turing was highly influential in the development of theoretical computer science, providing a formalisation of the concepts of algorithm ...
Philosophy ( φιλοσοφία, 'love of wisdom', in Ancient Greek) is a systematic study of general and fundamental questions concerning topics like existence, reason, knowledge, value, mind, and language. It is a rational and critical inquiry that reflects on its own methods and assumptions. Historically, many of the individual sciences ...
Metaphysics is the study of the most general features of reality, including existence, objects and their properties, possibility and necessity, space and time, change, causation, and the relation between matter and mind. It is one of the oldest branches of philosophy. [1]
Karl Marx ( German: [maʁks]; 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German-born philosopher, political theorist, economist, historian, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. His best-known works are the 1848 pamphlet The Communist Manifesto (with Friedrich Engels) and his three-volume Das Kapital (1867–1894); the latter employs ...
—Max Weber in Sociological Writings, 1904. The principle of methodological individualism, which holds that social scientists should seek to understand collectivities solely as the result of the actions of individual persons, can be traced to Weber. In the first chapter of Economy and Society, he argued that only individuals "can be treated as agents in a course of subjectively understandable ...