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In computing, the Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol ( CHAP) is an authentication protocol originally used by Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) to validate users. CHAP is also carried in other authentication protocols such as RADIUS and Diameter . Almost all network operating systems support PPP with CHAP, as do most network access servers.
Message authentication code. In cryptography, a message authentication code ( MAC ), sometimes known as an authentication tag, is a short piece of information used for authenticating and integrity -checking a message. In other words, to confirm that the message came from the stated sender (its authenticity) and has not been changed (its integrity).
The simplest example of a challenge-response protocol is password authentication, where the challenge is asking for the password and the valid response is the correct password. An adversary who can eavesdrop on a password authentication can then authenticate itself by reusing the intercepted password.
For example, a MITM attacker could tell clients to use basic access authentication or legacy RFC2069 digest access authentication mode. To extend this further, digest access authentication provides no mechanism for clients to verify the server's identity; A server can store HA1 = MD5(username:realm:password) instead of the password itself.
Email authentication. Email authentication, or validation, is a collection of techniques aimed at providing verifiable information about the origin of email messages by validating the domain ownership of any message transfer agents (MTA) who participated in transferring and possibly modifying a message. The original base of Internet email ...
For example, messages may be relayed on behalf of different users. Use of this parameter is much less popular than using the command to grant relay privileges. SMTP Authentication is an "extension" in SMTP terms, so it requires server and client to use EHLO verb for greeting to indicate support for extensions, as opposed to the obsolete HELO ...
One-time password. A one-time password ( OTP ), also known as a one-time PIN, one-time authorization code ( OTAC) or dynamic password, is a password that is valid for only one login session or transaction, on a computer system or other digital device. OTPs avoid several shortcomings that are associated with traditional (static) password-based ...
Message B: Ticket-Granting-Ticket (TGT, which includes the client ID, client network address, ticket validity period, and the Client/TGS Session Key) encrypted using the secret key of the TGS. Once the client receives messages A and B, it attempts to decrypt message A with the secret key generated from the password entered by the user.
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