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2. Clever Hans - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clever_Hans

   Clever Hans (German: der Kluge Hans; c. 1895 – c. 1916) was a horse that was claimed to have performed arithmetic and other intellectual tasks. After a formal investigation in 1907, psychologist Oskar Pfungst demonstrated that the horse was not actually performing these mental tasks, but was watching the reactions of his trainer.

3. Pure mathematics - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_mathematics

   Pure mathematics studies the properties and structure of abstract objects, [ 1 ] such as the E8 group, in group theory. This may be done without focusing on concrete applications of the concepts in the physical world. Pure mathematics is the study of mathematical concepts independently of any application outside mathematics.

4. Mathematical beauty - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_beauty

   An example of "beauty in method"—a simple and elegant visual descriptor of the Pythagorean theorem. Mathematical beauty is the aesthetic pleasure derived from the abstractness, purity, simplicity, depth or orderliness of mathematics. Mathematicians may express this pleasure by describing mathematics (or, at least, some aspect of mathematics ...

5. Fibonacci sequence - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_sequence

   Fibonacci sequence. In mathematics, the Fibonacci sequence is a sequence in which each number is the sum of the two preceding ones. Numbers that are part of the Fibonacci sequence are known as Fibonacci numbers, commonly denoted Fn . The sequence commonly starts from 0 and 1, although some authors start the sequence from 1 and 1 or sometimes ...

6. Logic - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic

   Logic programming languages are designed specifically to express facts using logical formulas and to draw inferences from these facts. For example, Prolog is a logic programming language based on predicate logic. [170] Computer scientists also apply concepts from logic to problems in computing. The works of Claude Shannon were influential in ...

7. Identity (mathematics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_(mathematics)

   Thus, . In mathematics, an identity is an equality relating one mathematical expression A to another mathematical expression B, such that A and B (which might contain some variables) produce the same value for all values of the variables within a certain domain of discourse. [1][2] In other words, A = B is an identity if A and B define the same ...