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Bootstrapping is any test or metric that uses random sampling with replacement (e.g. mimicking the sampling process), and falls under the broader class of resampling methods. Bootstrapping assigns measures of accuracy ( bias, variance, confidence intervals, prediction error, etc.) to sample estimates.
In statistics, a multimodal distribution is a probability distribution with more than one mode (i.e., more than one local peak of the distribution). These appear as distinct peaks (local maxima) in the probability density function, as shown in Figures 1 and 2. Categorical, continuous, and discrete data can all form multimodal distributions.
where the operator denotes the expected value (mean) of its argument.. Conflicting nomenclatures and notations. Nomenclatures differ. Some statisticians, following the probabilist William Feller in his two-volume book An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications, call the matrix the variance of the random vector , because it is the natural generalization to higher dimensions of ...
Null distribution is a tool scientists often use when conducting experiments. The null distribution is the distribution of two sets of data under a null hypothesis. If the results of the two sets of data are not outside the parameters of the expected results, then the null hypothesis is said to be true. Null and alternative distribution.
Model selection. Model selection is the task of selecting a model from among various candidates on the basis of performance criterion to choose the best one. [1] In the context of machine learning and more generally statistical analysis, this may be the selection of a statistical model from a set of candidate models, given data. In the simplest ...
Statistical model. A statistical model is a mathematical model that embodies a set of statistical assumptions concerning the generation of sample data (and similar data from a larger population ). A statistical model represents, often in considerably idealized form, the data-generating process. [1]
Multimodal interaction provides the user with multiple modes of interacting with a system. A multimodal interface provides several distinct tools for input and output of data. Multimodal human-computer interaction involves natural communication with virtual and physical environments. It facilitates free and natural communication between users ...
Expectation–maximization algorithm. In statistics, an expectation–maximization ( EM) algorithm is an iterative method to find (local) maximum likelihood or maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimates of parameters in statistical models, where the model depends on unobserved latent variables. [1] The EM iteration alternates between performing an ...