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Hindi literature ( Hindi: हिन्दी साहित्य, romanized : hindī sāhitya) includes literature in the various Hindi languages which have different writing systems. Earliest forms of Hindi literature are attested in poetry of Apabhraṃśa like Awadhi, and Marwari languages. Hindi literature is composed in three broad ...
Desi (देसी / دیسی desī) is a Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu) word, meaning 'national', ultimately from Sanskrit deśīya, derived from deśa (देश) 'region, province, country'. The first known usage of the Sanskrit word is found in the Natya Shastra (~200 BCE), where it defines the regional varieties of folk performing arts , as ...
t. e. Sanātana Dharma ( Devanagari: सनातन धर्म, meaning "eternal dharma ", or "eternal order") [1] is an alternative term used by some Hindus to refer to Hinduism instead of the mainstream term Hindu Dharm. The term is found in Sanskrit and other Indian languages. [2] [3] It is generally used to signify a more traditional ...
The earliest inferred reference to "Brahmin" as a possible social class is in the Rigveda, occurs once, and the hymn is called Purusha Sukta. According to a hymn in Mandala 10 , Rigveda 10.90.11-2, Brahmins are described as having emerged from the mouth of Purusha , being that part of the body from which words emerge.
The marriage of Dushyanta and Shakuntala was a historically celebrated example of this class of marriage. It is generally considered to be permissible to the members of the Kshatriya varna , and only the Vaishya and the Shudra varnas according to Smriti texts, [27] though it has grown increasingly common in the present-day due to the practice ...
The Sikh Confederacy was a confederation of twelve sovereign states (each known as a Misl, derived from the Arabic word مِثْل meaning 'equal'; sometimes spelt as Misal) which rose during the 18th century in the Punjab region in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent and is cited as one of the causes of the weakening of the Mughal Empire prior to Nader Shah's invasion of India (1738 ...
During this time Hindustani was the language of both Hindus and Muslims. The non-communal nature of the language lasted until the British Raj in India, when in 1837 Hindustani in the Persian script (i.e. Urdu) replaced Persian as the official language and was made co-official along with English.
e. Varṇa ( Sanskrit: वर्ण, Hindi pronunciation: [ʋəɾ'ɳə] ), in the context of Hinduism, [1] refers to a social class within a hierarchical traditional Hindu society. [2] [3] The ideology is epitomized in texts like Manusmriti, [1] [4] [5] which describes and ranks four varnas, and prescribes their occupations, requirements and ...