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Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea ( PND) is an attack of severe shortness of breath and coughing that generally occurs at night. [1] It usually awakens the person from sleep, and may be quite frightening. [2] PND, as well as simple orthopnea, may be relieved by sitting upright at the side of the bed with legs ...
PKI ( Partai Komunis Indonesia) - Indonesian Communist Party. PKK ( Pendidikan Kesejahteraan Keluarga) - lit "Family Welfare Education" The National Women's Movement. PKN STAN ( Politeknik Keuangan Negara STAN) - Indonesian State College of Accountancy. PMA ( Penanaman Modal Asing) - Foreign Direct Investment company.
Post-nasal drip ( PND ), also known as upper airway cough syndrome ( UACS ), occurs when excessive mucus is produced by the nasal mucosa. The excess mucus accumulates in the back of the nose, and eventually in the throat once it drips down the back of the throat. It can be caused by rhinitis, sinusitis, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD ...
Abbreviations are used very frequently in medicine. They boost efficiency as long as they are used intelligently. The advantages of brevity should be weighed against the possibilities of obfuscation (making the communication harder for others to understand) and ambiguity (having more than one possible interpretation).
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria ( PNH) is a rare, acquired, [1] life-threatening disease of the blood characterized by destruction of red blood cells by the complement system, a part of the body's innate immune system. This destructive process occurs due to deficiency of the red blood cell surface protein DAF, which normally inhibits such ...
Doctor of Medicine (abbreviated M.D., from the Latin Medicinae Doctor) is a medical degree, the meaning of which varies between different jurisdictions. In the United States, and some other countries, the M.D. denotes a professional degree. This generally arose because many in 18th-century medical professions trained in Scotland, which used the ...
Ceftriaxone, sold under the brand name Rocephin, is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic used for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections. [4] These include middle ear infections, endocarditis, meningitis, pneumonia, bone and joint infections, intra-abdominal infections, skin infections, urinary tract infections, gonorrhea, and ...
Diabetes insipidus ( DI ), alternately called arginine vasopressin deficiency (AVP-D) or arginine vasopressin resistance (AVP-R), [5] is a condition characterized by large amounts of dilute urine and increased thirst. [1] The amount of urine produced can be nearly 20 liters per day. [1] Reduction of fluid has little effect on the concentration ...