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  2. Integral - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral

    In mathematics, an integral is the continuous analog of a sum, which is used to calculate areas, volumes, and their generalizations. Integration, the process of computing an integral, is one of the two fundamental operations of calculus, [a] the other being differentiation. Integration was initially used to solve problems in mathematics and ...

  3. Numerical integration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_integration

    e. In analysis, numerical integration comprises a broad family of algorithms for calculating the numerical value of a definite integral . The term numerical quadrature (often abbreviated to quadrature) is more or less a synonym for "numerical integration", especially as applied to one-dimensional integrals.

  4. Fresnel integral - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_integral

    Generalization. The integral. is a confluent hypergeometric function and also an incomplete gamma function [6] which reduces to Fresnel integrals if real or imaginary parts are taken: The leading term in the asymptotic expansion is and therefore. For m = 0, the imaginary part of this equation in particular is.

  5. Integral equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral_equation

    Integral equations as a generalization of eigenvalue equations. Certain homogeneous linear integral equations can be viewed as the continuum limit of eigenvalue equations. Using index notation, an eigenvalue equation can be written as. where M = [Mi,j] is a matrix, v is one of its eigenvectors, and λ is the associated eigenvalue.

  6. Risch algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risch_Algorithm

    Risch called it a decision procedure, because it is a method for deciding whether a function has an elementary function as an indefinite integral, and if it does, for determining that indefinite integral. However, the algorithm does not always succeed in identifying whether or not the antiderivative of a given function in fact can be expressed ...

  7. Multiple integral - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_integral

    In mathematics (specifically multivariable calculus ), a multiple integral is a definite integral of a function of several real variables, for instance, f(x, y) or f(x, y, z). Physical (natural philosophy) interpretation: S any surface, V any volume, etc.. Incl. variable to time, position, etc.

  8. Integration using Euler's formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration_using_Euler's...

    In integral calculus, Euler's formula for complex numbers may be used to evaluate integrals involving trigonometric functions. Using Euler's formula, any trigonometric function may be written in terms of complex exponential functions, namely and and then integrated. This technique is often simpler and faster than using trigonometric identities ...

  9. Gaussian integral - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_integral

    Gaussian integral. A graph of the function and the area between it and the -axis, (i.e. the entire real line) which is equal to . The Gaussian integral, also known as the Euler–Poisson integral, is the integral of the Gaussian function over the entire real line. Named after the German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss, the integral is.

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