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The logarithm base 10 is called the decimal or common logarithm and is commonly used in science and engineering. The natural logarithm has the number e ≈ 2.718 as its base; its use is widespread in mathematics and physics, because of its very simple derivative. The binary logarithm uses base 2 and is frequently used in computer science.
Ecology is as much a biological science as it is a human science. Human ecology is an interdisciplinary investigation into the ecology of our species. "Human ecology may be defined: (1) from a bioecological standpoint as the study of man as the ecological dominant in plant and animal communities and systems; (2) from a bioecological standpoint ...
Penetration. One factor used to measure a handgun's effectiveness is penetration. The FBI's requirement for all service rounds is 12 to 18 inches (30 to 46 cm) penetration in calibrated ballistic gelatin. This generally ensures a bullet will reach the vital human organs from many angles and through many different layers and materials of clothing.
Rate-limiting step (biochemistry) In biochemistry, a rate-limiting step is a step that controls the rate of a series of biochemical reactions. [1] [2] The statement is, however, a misunderstanding of how a sequence of enzyme catalyzed reaction steps operate. Rather than a single step controlling the rate, it has been discovered that multiple ...
Definition. Given a sequence of distributions , its limit is the distribution given by [] = []for each test function , provided that distribution exists.The existence of the limit means that (1) for each , the limit of the sequence of numbers [] exists and that (2) the linear functional defined by the above formula is continuous with respect to the topology on the space of test functions.
In the mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. The field of strength of materials deals with forces and deformations that result from their acting on a material. A load applied to a mechanical member will induce internal forces within the member ...
Chaos theory is an interdisciplinary area of scientific study and branch of mathematics. It focuses on underlying patterns and deterministic laws of dynamical systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions. These were once thought to have completely random states of disorder and irregularities. [1]
Actuarial notation is a shorthand method to allow actuaries to record mathematical formulas that deal with interest rates and life tables . Traditional notation uses a halo system, where symbols are placed as superscript or subscript before or after the main letter. Example notation using the halo system can be seen below.