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Temperature is a physical quantity that quantitatively expresses the attribute of hotness or ... the total number of microstates in the combined system 1 + system 2 ...
Anders Celsius's original thermometer used a reversed scale, with 100 as the freezing point and 0 as the boiling point of water.. In 1742, Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744) created a temperature scale that was the reverse of the scale now known as "Celsius": 0 represented the boiling point of water, while 100 represented the freezing point of water. [5]
In fluid mechanics, the Rayleigh number (Ra, after Lord Rayleigh [1]) for a fluid is a dimensionless number associated with buoyancy-driven flow, also known as free (or natural) convection. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] It characterises the fluid's flow regime: [ 5 ] a value in a certain lower range denotes laminar flow ; a value in a higher range ...
is the number of particles (usually atoms or molecules) of the gas. In SI units , p is measured in pascals , V is measured in cubic metres , n is measured in moles , and T in kelvins (the Kelvin scale is a shifted Celsius scale , where 0.00 K = −273.15 °C, the lowest possible temperature ).
For air with a pressure of 1 bar, the Prandtl numbers in the temperature range between −100 °C and +500 °C can be calculated using the formula given below. [2] The temperature is to be used in the unit degree Celsius. The deviations are a maximum of 0.1% from the literature values.
Mach number is a function of temperature and true airspeed. Aircraft flight instruments, however, operate using pressure differential to compute Mach number, not temperature. Assuming air to be an ideal gas, the formula to compute Mach number in a subsonic compressible flow is found from Bernoulli's equation for M < 1 (above): [9]
Nusselt number. In thermal fluid dynamics, the Nusselt number (Nu, after Wilhelm Nusselt [1]: 336 ) is the ratio of total heat transfer to conductive heat transfer at a boundary in a fluid. Total heat transfer combines conduction and convection. Convection includes both advection (fluid motion) and diffusion (conduction).
Total air temperature is an essential input to an air data computer in order to enable the computation of static air temperature and hence true airspeed. The relationship between static and total air temperatures is given by: where: static air temperature, SAT (kelvins or degrees Rankine) total air temperature, TAT (kelvins or degrees Rankine)
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