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1990s. МММ was a Russian company that perpetrated one of the world's largest Ponzi schemes of all time. By different estimates from 5 to 40 million people lost up to $10 billion. The company started attracting money from private investors, promising annual returns of up to 1,000%.
A pyramid scheme is a business model which earns primarily by enrolling others into the scheme, however rather than earning income (or providing returns-on-investments) by sale of legitimate products to an end consumer, it mainly earns by recruiting new members with the promise of payments (or services).
BurnLounge (shut down as pyramid scheme by FTC in 2012) Equinox International (dissolved in 2001) European Grouping of Marketing Professionals /CEDIPAC SA (dissolved in 1995) European Home Retail (dissolved in 2007) Fortune Hi-Tech Marketing (dissolved in 2013)
Many pyramid schemes and MLM schemes emphasize the importance of recruiting new participants. Programs that emphasize recruiting participants, and paying a fee, to join the program are likely ...
December 11, 2008. Bernard Lawrence Madoff ( / ˈmeɪdɔːf / MAY-dawf; [2] April 29, 1938 – April 14, 2021) was an American financial criminal and financier who was the admitted mastermind of the largest known Ponzi scheme in history, worth an estimated $65 billion. [3] [4] He was at one time chairman of the Nasdaq stock exchange. [5]
Multi-level marketing (MLM), also called network marketing or pyramid selling, is a controversial marketing strategy for the sale of products or services in which the revenue of the MLM company is derived from a non-salaried workforce selling the company's products or services, while the earnings of the participants are derived from a pyramid-shaped or binary compensation commission system.
A Ponzi scheme claims to rely on some esoteric investment approach, and often attracts well-to-do investors, whereas pyramid schemes explicitly claim that new money will be the source of payout for the initial investments. A pyramid scheme typically collapses much faster because it requires exponential increases in participants to sustain it.
Mantria Corporation Ponzi scheme. Matrix scheme. John McNamara (fraudster) J. Ezra Merkin. Barry Minkow. Mirror Trading International. MMM (Ponzi scheme company) MMM Global. Multitel.