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Differential association. In criminology, differential association is a theory developed by Edwin Sutherland proposing that through interaction with others, individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior . The differential association theory is the most talked about of the learning theories of deviance.
Crime opportunity theory suggests that offenders make rational choices and thus choose targets that offer a high reward with little effort and risk. The occurrence of a crime depends on two things: the presence of at least one motivated offender who is ready and willing to engage in a crime, and the conditions of the environment in which that offender is situated, to wit, opportunities for crime.
Equality of outcome, equality of condition, or equality of results is a political concept which is central to some political ideologies and is used in some political discourse, often in contrast to the term equality of opportunity. [2] It describes a state in which all people have approximately the same material wealth and income, or in which ...
t. e. Criminology (from Latin crimen, "accusation", and Ancient Greek -λογία, -logia, from λόγος logos meaning: "word, reason") is the interdisciplinary study of crime and deviant behaviour. [1] Criminology is a multidisciplinary field in both the behavioural and social sciences, which draws primarily upon the research of sociologists ...
The term differential is used nonrigorously in calculus to refer to an infinitesimal ("infinitely small") change in some varying quantity. For example, if x is a variable, then a change in the value of x is often denoted Δ x (pronounced delta x ). The differential dx represents an infinitely small change in the variable x.
A relevant cost (also called avoidable cost or differential cost) [1] is a cost that differs between alternatives being considered. [2] In order for a cost to be a relevant cost it must be: It is often important for businesses to distinguish between relevant and irrelevant costs when analyzing alternatives because erroneously considering ...
Illegitimate opportunity theory holds that individuals commit crimes not when the chances of being caught are low but from readily available illegitimate opportunities. The theory was first formalized by Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin in 1960. [1] It is closely related to strain theory (developed by Merton, an influential figure in ...
An ordinary differential equation ( ODE) is an equation containing an unknown function of one real or complex variable x, its derivatives, and some given functions of x. The unknown function is generally represented by a variable (often denoted y ), which, therefore, depends on x. Thus x is often called the independent variable of the equation.