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The Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) is an index designed to measure gender equality.GEM is the United Nations Development Programme's attempt to measure the extent of gender inequality across the globe's countries, based on estimates of women's relative economic income, participation in high-paying positions with economic power, and access to professional and parliamentary positions.
The Gender Development Index ( GDI) is an index designed to measure gender equality . GDI, together with the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM), was introduced in 1995 in the Human Development Report written by the United Nations Development Program. These measurements aimed to add a gender-sensitive dimension to the Human Development Index (HDI).
Gender inequality in China. Zhuang woman in Guilin. In 2021, China ranked 48th out of 191 countries [1] on the United Nations Development Programme 's Gender Inequality Index (GII). Among the GII components, China's maternal mortality ratio was 32 out of 100,000 live births.
The Gender Inequality Index ( GII) is an index for the measurement of gender disparity that was introduced in the 2010 Human Development Report 20th anniversary edition by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). According to the UNDP, this index is a composite measure to quantify the loss of achievement within a country due to gender ...
e. Like women in many other cultures, women in China have been historically oppressed. [4] For thousands of years, women in China lived under the patriarchal social order characterized by the Confucius teaching of "filial piety". [4] In modern China, the lives of women have changed significantly due to the late Qing dynasty reforms, the changes ...
China's official census report from 2000 shows that there were 117 boys for every 100 girls. The sex imbalance in some rural areas is even higher, at 130 boys to 100 girls, compared to a global average of 105 or 106 boys to 100 girls. [2] In 2021, the male-to-female ratio of China is recorded at 104.61 to 100. [3]
Cover of the 2008 report. The Global Gender Gap Report is an index designed to measure gender equality.It was first published in 2006 by the World Economic Forum.. It "assesses countries on how well they are dividing their resources and opportunities among their male and female populations, regardless of the overall levels of these resources and opportunities," the Report says. "
The most prominent indices of gender equality include UNDP 's Gender-related Development Index (GDI) and the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM), introduced in 1995. More recent measures include the Gender Equity Index (GEI) introduced by Social Watch in 2004, the Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI) developed by the World Economic Forum in 2006, and ...
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