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  2. Population density - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density

    Population density is the number of people per unit of area, usually transcribed as "per square kilometer" or square mile, and which may include or exclude, for example, areas of water or glaciers. Commonly this is calculated for a county, city, country, another territory or the entire world . The world's population is around 8,000,000,000 [3 ...

  3. Density of states - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density_of_states

    e. In condensed matter physics, the density of states ( DOS) of a system describes the number of allowed modes or states per unit energy range. The density of states is defined as , where is the number of states in the system of volume whose energies lie in the range from to . It is mathematically represented as a distribution by a probability ...

  4. List of countries and dependencies by population density

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and...

    This is a list of countries and dependencies ranked by population density, sorted by inhabitants per square kilometre or square mile. The list includes sovereign states and self-governing dependent territories based upon the ISO standard ISO 3166-1. The list also includes unrecognized but de facto independent countries.

  5. Free electron model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_electron_model

    The Fermi energy defines the energy of the highest energy electron at zero temperature. For metals the Fermi energy is in the order of units of electronvolts above the free electron band minimum energy. In three dimensions, the density of states of a gas of fermions is proportional to the square root of the kinetic energy of the particles.

  6. Exciton - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exciton

    e. An electron and an electron hole that are attracted to each other by the Coulomb force can form a bound state called an exciton. It is an electrically neutral quasiparticle that exists mainly in condensed matter, including insulators, semiconductors, some metals, but also in certain atoms, molecules and liquids.

  7. Thermal conduction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conduction

    Thermal conduction. Conduction is the process by which heat is transferred from the hotter end to the colder end of an object. The ability of the object to conduct heat is known as its thermal conductivity, and is denoted k . Heat spontaneously flows along a temperature gradient (i.e. from a hotter body to a colder body).

  8. Charge carrier density - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_carrier_density

    Charge carrier density. Charge carrier density, also known as carrier concentration, denotes the number of charge carriers per volume. In SI units, it is measured in m −3. As with any density, in principle it can depend on position. However, usually carrier concentration is given as a single number, and represents the average carrier density ...

  9. Variable-range hopping - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-range_hopping

    Variable-range hopping is a model used to describe carrier transport in a disordered semiconductor or in amorphous solid by hopping in an extended temperature range. [1] It has a characteristic temperature dependence of. where is the conductivity and is a parameter dependent on the model under consideration.

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