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Independent media refers to any media, such as television, newspapers, or Internet -based publications, that is free of influence by government or corporate interests. The term has varied applications. Independence stands as a cornerstone principle within media policy and the freedom of the press, representing an "essentially contested concept".
A parasocial interaction, an exposure that garners interest in a persona, [6] becomes a parasocial relationship after repeated exposure to the media persona causes the media user to develop illusions of intimacy, friendship, and identification. [5] Positive information learned about the media persona results in increased attraction, and the ...
Media literacy. Media literacy is an expanded conceptualization of literacy that includes the ability to access and analyze media messages as well as create, reflect and take action, using the power of information and communication to make a difference in the world. [1] Media literacy is not restricted to one medium [2] and is understood as a ...
Media culture, with its declinations of advertising and public relations, is often considered as a system centered on the manipulation of the mass of society. [5] Corporate media "are used primarily to represent and reproduce dominant ideologies." [6] Prominent in the development of this perspective has been the work of Theodor Adorno since the ...
Media studies is a discipline and field of study that deals with the content, history, and effects of various media; in particular, the mass media. Media studies may draw on traditions from both the social sciences and the humanities, but mostly from its core disciplines of mass communication, communication, communication sciences, and ...
Gender disparity in media careers. Numbers of women in media professions such as journalism are growing: as of 2018 in the United States, 41.7% of the newsroom employees were women; [6] the proportion of women journalists in online-only news organizations even reached 47.8%. However, the media is and has been statistically dominated by men, who ...
Community media are any form of media that function in service of or by a community. It is the rise of all kinds of alternative, oppositional, participatory and collaborative media practices that have developed in the journalistic context of ‘community media,’ ‘we media,’ ‘citizens media,’ ‘grassroot journalism’ or any radical alternative to on and offline mainstream ...
In the 1970s, some scholars in communications studies, such as Oliver Boyd-Barrett, Jeremy Tunstall and Elihu Katz, advanced a "media imperialism" perspective.This theory posits that there is an "iniquitous flow of cultural production from the First to the Third World, whereby the media of advanced capitalist economies were able to substantially influence, if not actually determine, the nature ...