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Character reference overview. In HTML and XML, a numeric character reference refers to a character by its Universal Character Set/Unicode code point, and uses the format: &#xhhhh; or &#nnnn; where the x must be lowercase in XML documents, hhhh is the code point in hexadecimal form, and nnnn is the code point in decimal form.
First, the web server can include the character encoding or " charset " in the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Content-Type header, which would typically look like this: [1] Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8. This method gives the HTTP server a convenient way to alter document's encoding according to content negotiation; certain HTTP ...
A numeric character reference ( NCR) is a common markup construct used in SGML and SGML-derived markup languages such as HTML and XML. It consists of a short sequence of characters that, in turn, represents a single character. Since WebSgml, XML and HTML 4, the code points of the Universal Character Set (UCS) of Unicode are used.
An HTML document is a sequence of Unicode characters. More specifically, HTML 4.0 documents are required to consist of characters in the HTML document character set : a character repertoire wherein each character is assigned a unique, non-negative integer code point.
A numeric character reference refers to a character by its Universal Character Set/Unicode code point, and a character entity reference refers to a character by a predefined name. A numeric character reference uses the format &#nnnn; or &#xhhhh; where nnnn is the code point in decimal form, and hhhh is the code point in hexadecimal form.
The W3C standard XML Entity Definitions for Characters April 1, 2010 is the final authority on entity names. The ISO original standards committee (ISO/IECJTC1 SC34) invited the W3C MathML working group to take over the maintenance and development of entity names. The Unicode Consortium accepts the ISO recommendation.
This page lists codes for keyboard characters, the computer code values for common characters, such as the Unicode or HTML entity codes (see below: Table of HTML values"). There are also key chord combinations, such as keying an en dash ('–') by holding ALT+0150 on the numeric keypad of MS Windows computers.
Of course, when a name exists, a named reference (e.g., — for an em dash) is usually more convenient (and more easily recognized) than either numerical code. HTML character names (and the corresponding hexadecimal and decimal codes) are given in List of XML and HTML character entity references. Problems with HTML references