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t. e. Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin [c] [d] (born 7 October 1952) is a Russian politician and former intelligence officer who is the president of Russia. Putin has held continuous positions as president or prime minister since 1999: [e] as prime minister from 1999 to 2000 and from 2008 to 2012, and as president from 2000 to 2008 and since 2012.
Fundamental operation A block diagram of a PID controller in a feedback loop. r(t) is the desired process variable (PV) or setpoint (SP), and y(t) is the measured PV.. The distinguishing feature of the PID controller is the ability to use the three control terms of proportional, integral and derivative influence on the controller output to apply accurate and optimal control.
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The sum of squares of residuals, also called the residual sum of squares: The total sum of squares (proportional to the variance of the data): The most general definition of the coefficient of determination is. In the best case, the modeled values exactly match the observed values, which results in and R2 = 1.
The .45-90 Express is a modern adaptation of .45-90 Sharps which uses the same 2.4 inch case, but uses smokeless powder loaded to pressures up to 45,000 psi. With a 26-inch barrel the .45-90 Express is capable of over 4,200 ft-lbs (5694 J) muzzle energy. Many modern nitro-proofed single shot or break barrel .45-70 rifles can be easily reamed by ...
Anti-copyright movement. The Pirate Bay has sparked controversies and discussion about legal aspects of file sharing, copyright, and civil liberties and has become a platform for political initiatives against established intellectual property laws and a central figure in an anti-copyright movement. [2]
t. e. Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev [f] [g] (2 March 1931 – 30 August 2022) was a Soviet and Russian politician who served as the last leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to the country's dissolution in 1991. He served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 and additionally as head of state beginning in ...